Yeast infections are one of the most common vaginal health issues — and one of the most misunderstood. Knowing what causes them, what they feel like, and how they're treated can help you make better decisions about your health.

What Is a Yeast Infection?

The vagina naturally contains a mix of bacteria and fungi, including a fungus called Candida. Under normal circumstances, Candida lives there in small amounts without causing any problems. But when it grows too much, it can cause what's known as a vaginal yeast infection, medically called vaginal candidiasis.

The most common type of Candida behind these infections is Candida albicans, though other strains can be involved too.

An estimated 75% of people with a vagina will experience at least one yeast infection in their lifetime. They range from mild and short-lived to frequent and recurring.

What Does a Yeast Infection Feel Like?

Itching is the most commonly reported symptom, but it's not the only one. A yeast infection may also cause:

• Redness or soreness around the vulva and vagina

• Thick, white discharge that looks similar to cottage cheese

• Little to no noticeable odor

• A burning feeling when urinating

• Discomfort during sex

One thing worth noting: a strong fishy or foul smell is generally not associated with yeast infections. That kind of odor may point to a different condition, such as bacterial vaginosis or another infection. If you're noticing unusual symptoms, a healthcare provider can help figure out what's going on.

Why Self-Diagnosing Is Tricky

Because over-the-counter antifungal treatments are widely available, many people skip the doctor and treat themselves at home. The problem is that several other vaginal conditions can look and feel similar to a yeast infection.

Research has shown that a significant portion of people who self-diagnose a yeast infection are actually dealing with something else entirely. Using antifungal medication when you don't have a yeast infection won't help, and may irritate the vaginal tissue or disrupt the natural microbial balance further.

Getting an actual diagnosis, ideally with a swab or culture, gives you a clearer picture and helps avoid unnecessary treatment.

How Yeast Infections Are Diagnosed

A healthcare provider will typically ask about your symptoms and medical history, then perform a pelvic exam. They may use a speculum to look inside the vagina and may take a small fluid sample to examine for signs of Candida.

A vaginal culture — where the sample is tested in a lab — can identify which specific strain of Candida is present. This matters more than it might seem, especially if treatment isn't working.

How They're Treated

Antifungal medications are the standard treatment. Depending on the severity and how often infections occur, options may include:

• Topical antifungals- creams, ointments, or suppositories inserted vaginally (often ending in "-azole," like miconazole or terconazole)

• Oral antifungals- a single-dose pill like fluconazole is commonly prescribed for uncomplicated cases

• Extended treatment- for more severe or recurring infections, a longer course of medication may be recommended

If standard antifungal medications aren't working, it may be because the infection is caused by a less common Candida strain that doesn't respond the same way. In those cases, a provider might suggest alternatives like boric acid suppositories or a different medication class.

Not All Candida Is the Same

About 90% of vaginal yeast infections are caused by Candida albicans. The remaining cases may involve strains like C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, or others. These strains can behave differently and may not respond to the same first-line treatments.

This is one reason why recurring or treatment-resistant infections are worth investigating further rather than just retreating with the same product.

What May Increase the Likelihood of a Yeast Infection

There's no guaranteed way to prevent a yeast infection, but certain factors may make Candida more likely to overgrow:

Antibiotics: These are among the most well-documented triggers. Antibiotics can reduce protective bacteria in the vagina, which may allow Candida to grow more freely. This applies to all types of antibiotics, not just those used for vaginal issues.

Hormonal changes: Elevated estrogen levels — such as during pregnancy or when using hormonal birth control — may be associated with a higher likelihood of yeast overgrowth.

Weakened immune function: When the immune system is suppressed, the body may be less able to keep Candida in check.

Uncontrolled blood sugar: Candida feeds on sugar. Higher glucose levels may create an environment where yeast can thrive.

Scented products: Using perfumed soaps, douches, or sprays in or around the vagina can alter its natural pH, which may contribute to imbalance. The vagina is self-cleaning and generally doesn't need internal washing.

Tight or synthetic clothing: Clothing that traps heat and moisture near the vaginal area may create conditions more favorable to yeast growth. Cotton underwear is often recommended as a more breathable option.

Sexual activity:  Yeast infections are not classified as sexually transmitted infections, but sexual activity can sometimes shift the vaginal environment in ways that may encourage Candida overgrowth.

It comes down to one root cause: a lack of protective bacteria. Most of these triggers share a common thread. They reduce or disrupt the good bacteria, called Lactobacillus, that normally keep your vaginal environment balanced and keep yeast in check. When those protective bacteria drop, Candida gets the opening it needs to overgrow.

This is where a high-quality probiotic can offer complementary support. A probiotic is a supplement with live, beneficial bacteria. Taking one designed for vaginal health may help replenish and support your natural levels of protective bacteria, helping your body maintain the balance that keeps yeast in check.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational and educational purposes only. It is not medical advice and should not be used to diagnose, treat, or prevent any health condition. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider if you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about your health.